黑洞加速是指在黑洞周围极端引力和强磁场作用下，物质与带电粒子被加速到接近光速甚至更高能量的现象。
主要机制包括吸积盘与磁场耦合产生的磁流体动力学过程、黑洞自转能量提取（如佩恩罗斯过程）以及通过旋转黑洞与磁场相互作用的Blandford–Znajek机制，这些过程能把引力势能与旋转能转化为粒子动能和电磁辐射。
喷流内部的冲击波与磁重联也通过第一类和第二类费米加速提高粒子能量。
观测上，活动星系核和类星体中常见相对论性喷流、事件视界望远镜对M87黑洞影像的成像，以及多波段变光和高能中微子、宇宙射线的关联，都支持黑洞是极端加速的重要场所。
数值相对论磁流体模拟指出，黑洞自转率、磁通量和吸积率共同决定喷流效率、极化特性与能量谱。
理解这些机制不仅有助于解释宇宙射线与高能天体源，也关系到黑洞反馈对宿主星系与大尺度结构演化的影响。
未来通过射电、X/伽马射线、伽玛望远镜、中微子探测器与重力波的多信使联合观测，将进一步揭示黑洞加速的细节。
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